All of this shows that it is pivotal to start measuring the world’s communication capacity not merely in terms of the installed number of devices, but also in terms of the transmitted amount of information. Only eight countries host two-thirds of the installed global telecommunication capacity. It shows that telecommunication capacity (in kbps) is highly concentrated on the international level. While the average inhabitant of the developed world counted with some 40 kbps more than the average member of the information society in developing countries in 2001, this gap grew to over 3 Mbps per capita in 2010. From an international perspective it is striking that the shape and form of the digital divide measured in kbps per capita turns out to be quite different from the evolutionary trajectory of the digital divide when measured in terms of technological devices per capita. #SOUND NORMALIZER V7.99.7 DRIVER#We show that technological progress is the main driver behind the world’s telecommunication capacity and that the contribution of the installation of new infrastructure is becoming less significant to the total growth of global communication. This also implies that most of the world’s technologically mediated information (99 %) is carried through downstream channels, while upstream communication is still marginal (even though rapidly growing). Television still accounts for 95 % of the effective information flow in 2007. We distinguish between 12 broadcasting and 31 telecommunication technologies. This article analyzes the nature and characteristics of the world’s technological capacity to communicate information in bits per second during the two decades that were characterized by the digitization of global information flows (1986 to 2007/2010). The article shows how the particular question on the researcher’s mind, as well as the availability of source data has and will influence most of the methodological choices in different exercises. We compare our methodological choices with different approaches taken in similar studies. The most basic underlying assumptions behind our estimates include-among others-decisions about what is counted as (1) communication, (2) storage, and (3) computation if technological capacities or consumption of information is measured and if unique information is distinguished from duplicate information. #SOUND NORMALIZER V7.99.7 SERIES#In Part I, we summarize the results of our inventory, and explore a series of basic choices that must be made in the course of measuring information and communication capacities. It is written from the perspective of the results of our recent inventory of 60 technological categories between 19 (measured in bits and MIPS ). These are the highest reported for microfluidic MFCs using pure culture bacteria, which advances the goal of competing with mainstream MFC formats.Part I of this two-part article reviews methodological and statistical challenges involved in the estimation of humanity’s technological capacity to communicate, store, and compute information. As a result, maximum outputs obtained were 660 mW m −1 and 3.5 A m −1. The enhanced flow stability provided stable operation under imbalanced flow conditions and delivered continuous increases to power density of up to 30% for flow rate increases of 100 times over baseline levels. Comparing results to a state-of-the-art membraneless MFC with 6 mm inter-electrode distances, the sub-millimeter membrane MFC under comparable flow conditions had an internal resistance that was 60% lower, power and current densities that were respectively 45% and 290% higher, and acetate conversion efficiencies that were 8 times higher. Membrane synthesis in situ reduces device fabrication complexity, and the proposed design avoids electrode contamination during its synthesis. Therefore, we propose a facile method for in situ synthesis of a micromembrane that supports sub-millimeter electrode spacing. To avoid solution crossover, the electrodes may be separated by distances of several millimeters, but this negatively affects the internal resistance and undermines a prime advantage of microscale MFCs. A recent trend in microfluidic microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is to exclude a separation membrane, instead, relying on the physics of laminar flow to maintain isolation between anode and cathode compartments.
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